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*+HISTORICAL ¢ SERIES* 


MISSIONS 
BENGAL 
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AMERICAN BAPTIST FOREIGN Misston SOCIETY 
|BOSTON e MASS e« UreS8eA 


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Pelco e eos Ao sSetek IOS 


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IN BENGAL 


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A Wayside Shrine 


AMERICAN BAPTIST FOREIGN MISSION 
SOCIETY .-.. BOSTON, MASS., U. S. A. 


Arkuomledgment 


HIS sketch of the Bengal Mission was prepared by 

Rev. Thomas H. Stacy, D. D., formerly Secretary of 

the Free Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Many of the 

photographs from which the illustrations have been made 
were furnished by the missionaries in Bengal. 


Additional Information 


Res the further study of the Bengal Mission, reference 
should be had to the current numbers of J/7sszozzs, 
the Annual Report of the Society and numerous leaflets. 
Address the Literature Department, American Baptist 
Foreign Mission Society, Ford Building, Boston. 


Bazar at Contai 


MISSIONS IN BENGAL 


HE Bengal Mission field lies southwest of 
Calcutta, from the mouth of the Hoogly 
River along the coast of the Bay of 
Bengal to Cuttack, some of the stations 
being 225 miles from Calcutta. It 
occupies about 12,000 square miles. 
Formerly it was somewhat larger, but 
recently the Methodist mission has 
been doing work at a station in the 
Midnapore section, and people of a different denomi- 

nation have done some work in the country called 

Morbhanj, a section west of Balasore among the hills. 

The climate of this portion of India is entirely tropical, 
and most of the year it is very hot. Near the coast the 
country is fertile and productive; behind this the land 
is hilly and less fruitful. Agriculture, small manufac- 
tures and trade form the chief occupations of the 
people. 


DIVISIONS 


Although all of this field is in Bengal province, it is 
in two divisions, one Burdwan, the western part of 
Bengal proper, the other Orissa. Midnapore is the chief 
city of the Burdwan division, situated some seventy 


5 


Mebs sO UN*S eal eat Ne Gee ve 


or seventy-five miles west of Calcutta, with a population 
of about 60,000. It is a center of trade, has commodious 
public buildings and good schools, including a college. 
Balasore is the chief town of Orissa, situated eight miles 
from the sea on the Burabalang River, with a population 
of 30,000. The entire field is traversed by that great 
pilgrim road which comes through the northern cities 
celebrated for religious temples and shrines, down through 
Midnapore, Jellasore and Balasore, through Puri with 
its noted temple of Jagurnath, and on to Cuttack, a 
road traveled by many thousands of people, perhaps 
millions, every year. 


POPULATION, LANGUAGES AND RELIGIONS 


This field contains 4,000,000 people, speaking at least 
five different languages. In Midnapore District the 
Bengali is used chiefly; in Balasore District the Oriya 
is the principal language, the Mohammedans using 
Hindustani; the Santali, Telugu and some other dia- 
lects are used by small sections of people. 

The predominating religion is Hinduism, ever pollut- 
ing, degrading and dissatisfying. In the cities and large 
towns there are Mohammedans, in all perhaps 75,000 
descendants from the early conquerors. The aboriginal 
tribes, of which the Santals are the most numerous, 
number 200,000 or more. They are nature worshipers 
and their origin is uncertain. The Bengalis and Oriyas 
came from the Aryan branch of the Caucasian race. It 
is claimed that the brightest and most intelligent native 
people of India are Bengalis. The Oriyas are deemed 
to be smart and intelligent, but they differ from the 
Bengalis in some habits,—in form and language, 
although the language of both is derived from the 
Sanskrit. They have a common religion, Hinduism. 


COMMUNICATION 


Communication in this section of India is by rivers, 
canals near the coast, very good roads between important 
towns. Trunk roads are well metaled with laterite 


6 


jay fee x ~ ot 


Z mS oGharbagta 
“A. BANKU Ne / 

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Vv : ~-Lodasolde Bhimpore 
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2 Budge 


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UV Diamond 
Harbour 


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Nilgiri Y a 
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| Re o a fein ipor " 
mM BENGAL 


the. > oben f 
Sai Kalygab sis MAP SHOWING THE 


STATIONS 
OF THE 
AMERICAN BAPTIST 
FOREIGN MISSION SOCIETY 


Stations of A.B.F.M.S. Balasore 


Railroads 
Canals 


Scale of Miles 


50 


PETERS, ENGRS., BOSTON 


Longitude East from Greenwich 


“te 


Mil SeStlOaN ts ENG ps be Genie 


stone, and unmetaled roads are passable during most of 
the year. Substantial bridges span the smaller streams. 
At convenient stages along the principal roads are dak 
bungalows, built for the use of government officials when 
traveling through the country; missionaries have free 
use of these bungalows when they are not occupied by 
the officials. A well-equipped railroad connects Calcutta 
with Madras on the east coast and with Bombay on 
the west, passing through the length and breadth of the 
Bengal field. The postal facilities are excellent and the 
telegraph is in all the larger towns. 


MISSION STATIONS 


At the present time there are nine mission stations: 
Midnapore, Balasore, Chandbali, Santipore, Kharagpur, 
Bhimpore, Jellasore, Contai and Bhadrak, while at 
seventeen outstations work is conducted by native 
Christians under the superintendence of the missionaries. 
Throughout the entire history of the mission more or 
less itinerating through the country and jungle portions 
has been carried on through the cold season with good 
results. 

EARLY HISTORY 


The Bengal field had its first missionaries nearly a 
century ago. William Bampton and James Peggs with 
their wives were the first missionaries sent out by the 
General Baptists; they sailed from England May 29, 
1821, and reached their destination on November 14 of 
that year. They settled at Cuttack, in Orissa province. 
In June, 1824, Amos Sutton was ordained to the ministry 
in England; on August 12 of that year he embarked for 
India as a missionary, reaching that land February 19 
following. He went directly to Cuttack. As early as 
1825 Peggs suggested the importance of having mis- 
sionaries at Tumlook, Midnapore and Balasore, but 
several years passed before any of these places had a 
missionary. 

The occupancy of the field by the General Baptists 


8 


inte ol ON oe ONY (BEAN: GAC 


was very meager, neither men nor money being advanced 
in any adequate measure. Mr. Sutton’s wife died 
May 15, 1825, soon after they reached India; in June, 
1826, he married for his second wife, Mrs. Colman, widow 
of Rev. James Colman, an American Baptist missionary 
who died while he was engaged in mission work with 
Adoniram Judsonin Burma. At this time Mrs. Colman 
was doing mission work in Calcutta. With Mr. Sutton 
she keenly felt the needs of the field and the inadequacy of 
its supplies; she told him of the Free Baptists in America, 
who in faith and practise corresponded to the General 


Traveling by Gharry 


Baptists in England. He at once wrote a letter while 
at Puri setting forth the wretched condition of the people 
and their great need of the gospel and addressed it to 
the Free Baptists of America, asking their cooperation. 
He intended this letter to be printed in the Morning Star, 
the denominational paper, but he did not know where it 
was published, and consequently reluctantly laid the 
letter aside. Not very long after he received a package 
from England with a copy of the Morning Star wrapped 
about it. Was there not a providence in this? Was not 


9 


MeL-S SIONS SEN: 4BaEN Ganges 


God directing? The appeal was taken from the desk, 
sent on its mission, printed in the issue of the Morning 
Star April 13, 1832, and gave a thrill to the denomination. 
At that time Free Baptists had no organized mission or 
benevolent work; they needed only to appreciate the 
need and opportunity in foreign missions to participate 
in that department, and in all the other church enter- 
prises as well. 

The publication of this appeal found a quick response. 
In the autumn of 1832 Free Baptists decided to organize 
a foreign mission society, and this was done at North 
Parsonsfield, Maine. An act of incorporation was ob- 
tained from the Maine legislature, and approved January 
29, 1833. Soon after this Dr. Sutton visited America 
and not only did much to interest Free Baptists in the 
mission, but induced the Baptists to begin their mission 
to the Telugus in South India. He served as secretary of 
the new society 1834-35, and assisted in raising a fund of 
nearly $3,000. When he and Mrs. Sutton sailed from 
Boston in September, 1835, for their India field, they had 
with them Rev. and Mrs. Jeremiah Phillips, Rev. and 
Mrs. Eli Noyes, representing the Free Baptists, for 
Orissa, and Rev. and Mrs. Samuel S. Day, representing 
the Baptists, to begin the famous work among the 
Telugus. Dr. Sutton and his helpers reached the field 
in 1836, and very soon after the portion of this field east 
and north of Cuttack fell to their care. 


FIRST MISSIONARY EXPERIENCES 


The first Free Baptist missionaries, Mr. and Mrs. 
Phillips and Mr. and Mrs. Noyes, reached the field in 
February, 1836, and went to Cuttack, where they spent 
some months with General Baptist missionaries in the 
study of the language. Then after consultation it was 
mutually agreed that it would be better for the Free 
Baptists to establish an independent work and locate at 
Sambalpur, a town 250 miles west of Cuttack. Conse- 
quently, on December 12, 1836, the four new missionaries 
proceeded up the river in native boats to their destina- 


Io 


igi ie rNe tN gb eheNe Ger ols 


tion. The journey was beset with most dangerous and 
trying experiences, but they reached Sambalpur in 
January, 1837. 

This proved to be a most unhealthful location. The 
daughter of Rev. and Mrs. Noyes died here; both Rev. 
and Mrs. Noyes had fever and were compelled to return 
to Cuttack; then Mrs. Phillips came down with fever, 
and after giving all her possessions to the mission, and 
declaring, ‘‘ Had I thousands of gold and of silver I 
would lay it all on the altar of missions to the last mite,”’ 
passed into the great beyond. The disconsolate husband 
prepared her body for burial with his own hands, placed 
it in the lonely grave and then himself succumbed to the 
fever. 

Already he had obtained a following in an orphan boy, 
Silas Curtis, afterwards a faithful minister. This boy 


Missionaries in Conference, 191 | 


II 


MUS’S TOWN'S TN* Biba NeGr eee 


saw the situation, and taking a piece of palm-leaf and a 
stylus, or the sharp point of a nail, wrote ‘‘ Mamma 
Phillips is dead, Papa Phillips is very ill, and unless you 
come quickly and get him, he will die also.”’ He ad- 
dressed this message to the missionaries at Cuttack, the 
mail carriers passed it on and on until it reached its 
destination, and very soon friends came, placed Mr. 
Phillips in a boat and floated it down the Mahanadi 
River to Cuttack. His life was saved, but it was thought 
best for the missionaries not to return to Sambalpur; 
accordingly they went to Balasore instead, a station 
made vacant by the return of Mr. Goadby to England. 
Here the first permanent Free Baptist mission work was 
organized in February, 1838. In 1839 Mary Grimditch 
entered the mission as the second Mrs. Phillips, and died 
in 1840. Hannah Cummings became the third wife of 
Jeremiah Phillips, and lived a devoted missionary until 
1907. Both of these women bore to him notable chil- 


Nellie Phillips Memorial School at Santipore 


dren, several of whom became very efficient missionaries. 

In March, 1840, it seemed best to divide the force, and 
accordingly Jeremiah Phillips and his family went to 
Jellasore and established a mission station, Eli Noyes 
and his wife remaining at Balasore. In 1840 Dr. and 


I2 


Welt lOmin Se IZNo UB Ni GAIT 


Mrs. Otis R. Bacheler reached the field and joined the 
workers at Balasore. On account of illness, Mr. and 
Mrs. Noyes retired from the mission in 1841, leaving 
this station to the care of the Bachelers. On January 20, 
1845, Mrs. Bacheler passed on to the other life, and was 
buried in the old cemetery at Midnapore, by the side 
of the second wife of Dr. Jeremiah Phillips. One 
monument with a double tablet marks the graves of 
both. Mrs. Bacheler left two children. On February 
26, 1847, Dr. Bacheler married Miss Sarah P. Merrill, 
of Lowell, Mass., a native of Stratham, N. H.; they were 
married in Jellasore by Dr. Phillips. 

Such, in brief, is the early history of the mission in 
Bengal, which now (1912) has 9 regular stations, 17 out- 
stations, I9 churches organized in two quarterly meetings 
and one yearly meeting — several of these churches are 
self-supporting, —98 Sunday schools and 146 other 
schools. In direct Christian work there are among the 
native workers 36 preachers, 20 Bible women and 14 
colporteurs. 


DEPARTMENTS OF WORK 


In a new field a mission has no constituency and the 
missionaries must find some effective way of reaching the 
people. Sometimes it has been difficult to get a hearing 
except by going out into the bazar or market. This 
has been a common method throughout the history of the 
Bengal Mission. All men missionaries have practised 
it somewhat, while some have been much wedded to it. 


BAZAR PREACHING 


In this work, the missionary, with his native helper, 
takes his stand in a principal street; perhaps they sing, 
or play some musical instrument, and when a congrega- 
tion has gathered they talk a little or ask a few ques- 
tions, thus leading up to a declaration of the gospel; 
after this, tracts and books are distributed. The preacher 
must be self-possessed, understand what he is talking 


13 


M USS TOW SS TENS BE Nien 


about, awakening and awake, for he is likely to have 
intelligent and shifty men in his audience who will not 
let him go without a display of their knowledge in a 
bombardment of questions, with a very strong determi- 
nation to get the laugh on him. Some may be sarcastic 
and derisive. 

Sometimes three parties have preached daily in 
Midnapore. Old School Bazar in this city was Dr. 
Bacheler’s favorite preaching stand, and throughout 
the years of his service at that station, when he was at 
home, he or some representatives of his were at this 
preaching stand for work just before stinset. At some 
seasons of the year the Santali students made up two 
parties and visited the Santali villages within a mile 
and a half of the town, and read, sang and talked to 
them. In the morning the young preachers visited 
from house to house, while the old men distributed tracts 
in front of the chapel. This work has been deemed most 
effective, both in calling the attention of a large number 
to the truths of the gospel and in securing definite per- 
sonal results. 


ITINERATING 


This is also called evangelistic, cold season and country 
work. This has also been carried on throughout the his- 
tory of the mission, and is done in the cold season, when 
the missionary and native helpers, and sometimes the 
missionary’s wife, all living in tents which they carry 
along, go through the villages, markets and jungles at 
a distance from the station, calling the attention of the 
people to the gospel by preaching, distributing tracts, 
doing the work of a pastor, and perhaps that of a phy- 
sician. In this work many a hardship has been endured, 
many a danger met from man, beast and reptile, almost 
beyond credence. But by these efforts large numbers 
have heard the message for the first time, later to search 
out the missionaries at the dispensary or at the preaching 
stand, when they were in town, and perhaps eventually 
to find the church and a place in its sheltering fold. 


14 


Mel SrEORN Oe Nee BB ELN G AE 


This sort of work in India has been carried on with 
much of the genius which characterized the work of the 
disciples in Palestine. It was during a tour of this kind 
that the Santals 
were discovered by 
Eli Noyes, and two 
years later reached 
by Drs. Phillipsand 
Bacheler in a way 
which led to perma- 
nent results, giving 
to themschoolsand 
churches, making 
them teachers, 
preachers and no- 
table Christians. 
They are of suffi- 
cient interest to de- 
serve special description which is given elsewhere in this 
sketch. 

In one of his cold season tours Dr. Bacheler was 
away four months, traveling over 300 miles, through 
jungle and forest, among hills where bears, tigers and 
reptiles abounded, with here and there a village. He 
visited twenty-four markets, thirty-four villages, and 
with his helpers distributed 888 single gospels, I,1II 
scripture selections and 3,000 tracts, and with a pained 
heart felt that multitudes had heard the gospel for the 
first and last time. Rev. Z. F. Griffin, for almost thirty 
years a missionary to India, says that cold season work 
is the most delightful service in which he can engage. 
No doubt others would say the same. 


MEDICAL WORK 


Medical work has taken a prominent place from the 
early history of the mission. It was introduced by Dr. 
Bacheler, the first Free Baptist medical missionary. He 
studied for this at Dartmouth and Harvard, where his 
natural inclination and adaptability in this direction were 


A Church in the Kharagpur Field 


TS 


Mel S25: ON: 7 STEN eB aN Gee 


much developed. He was the first to use chloroform 
in Bengal; when drugs were expensive and not easily 
obtained, he compounded from the crude material, and 
sometimes made his surgical instruments, which were 
always serviceable. He also practised dentistry to 
advantage. 

Since Dr. Bacheler the mission has had several medical 
missionaries; these have been a great blessing to the 
people and have increased the efficiency of the work there 
very much. Among these were James L. Phillips, who 
added this equipment to his marvelous preaching 
ability, Mary W. Bacheler, T. W. Burkholder, Helen 
M. Phillips, Harry M. Bacheler, A. L. Kennan, Shirley 
Smith Thompson and H. R. Murphy. Under all cir- 
cumstances, medical work has opened the way for the 
gospel, which has been carried into the homes of the 
sick and offered to the dispensary patient by word of 
mouth and by tract. 

Relief from physical 
suffering has time and 
again opened the way 
for the missionary to 
present the one reli- 
able cure for soul ail- 
ments.: “Dr aes 
Phillips says that one 
day when galloping 
toward a market his 
horse was stopped 
suddenly by a huge 
buffalo, prostrate in 
the road. His right 
hind leg was out of 
joint and the people 

Dr. and Mrs. Kennan and Native Pastor standing about did not 

know how to help the 
poor creature. But after the missionary showed how to 
relieve the animal of its distress, he took the occurrence 
as a text and at once had an audience of ready listeners. 


16 


Visi tosL OFNTS” No BIEN’ G Age 


The Balasore dispensary, established in 1840, was dis- 
continued after a faithful service of twenty years, during 
the last eighteen of which the patients averaged about 
2,200 a year. During the rainy season of 1881 the 
Midnapore dispensary had 10,000 patients in five months, 
4,000 of whom came during the months of September 
and October. The poor have been treated gratuitously, 
but payment is required from those able to pay, and 
this has met current expenses. Indian medical students 
have been of much assistance to the medical missionaries 
and have gone out to do valuable service. 


PRINTING PRESS 


The printing press was also introduced into the Bengal 
Mission by Dr. Bacheler. For some time it had been 
apparent to him that a press would be very useful in 
helping to carry on the work, giving employment to 
native Christians, placing the mission before the people 
in a more dignified way and providing financial returns. 
When he went back to India in 1862 he took with him 
a “low hand printing press’’; this was paid for with 
money raised in Sunday schools by Miss Lavina Crawford 
two years previous, and money solicited by himself 
from personal friends, supplemented by his own personal 
contribution. He began to work this on the voyage to 
India, printing several issues of a paper as large as the 
press would allow, which he named ‘‘ Ocean Herald.” 

In Midnapore, which Dr. Bacheler was to make the 
center of his future India work, the press was set up. 
English and Bengali were soon in use and in less than a 
year it was the means of bringing nearly $500 into the 
mission treasury. Ten years later a larger press was 
sent out by friends in America, and the work constantly 
increased. Tracts and school books used in the primary 
schools were printed, and profitable outside jobs were 
taken, from ten to twenty being employed in different 
departments of the work. Not only did the press pay 
its expenses, but in addition averaged to make about 
500 rupees a year, which was used in the mission where 


17 


MLS Stl OWeS) Ne Bek NGG ava 


most needed, quite largely among the Santali schools, 
a very wise expenditure. The Midnapore chapel, a 
commodious and well arranged building for its time, and 
a few years later a substantial brick building for the 
printing establishment were built with funds accumu- 
lated in this way. Thus the press, at first located in the 


The Bacheler House at Midnapore 


private home of Dr. Bacheler, afterwards in one end of 
the chapel, at length found a permanent home of its 
own. 

At that time the mission could do its work more 
cheaply than it could have it done, and the press gave 
character to the mission with both Indians and Euro- 
peans. In those early days Bible societies forbade 
appropriations for the publication of the Bible in foreign 
languages, but by means of this press, our Society could 
publish for distribution its own translations, and to quite 
an extent did so. Translations of the Scriptures into the 
Bengali, Oriya and Santali languages were printed from 
year to year, and for several years the Mission Reports 
and a thousand copies of the Sunday school lessons in 
Bengali were printed here. Among other literature a 
‘Bengali Christian song book, helpful productions from 
the pen of Mrs. Griffin and Mrs. Burkholder, came from 
this Midnapore press. In a single year it produced as 


18 


Wal Sos OrN-s IN BENG AE 


many as 12,000 copies of sacred literature. Mr. R. M. 
Lawrence went to India and managed the press very 
successfully for nearly seven years. Messrs. Griffin, 
George, Miner and Wyman have at different times 
superintended it. 

In July, 1901, this work was discontinued because 
larger returns for money invested in books and tracts 
could be obtained by having these printed on steam 
presses elsewhere. Job work had to be taken at a losing 
rate, mission work jobs not being sufficient to keep the 
press busy. The building was sold to the Woman’s 
Society to be used as a home for women missionaries. 


SCHOOLS 


As in America so in India, education has been regarded 
as very important. Our missionaries have believed that 
education is enlightenment, always preparing the way 
for the right reception and assimulation of the gospel. 
About 150 schools are reported, ranging from the kinder- 
gartens to the high school. In addition there are about 
twenty Christian zenana teachers and the Phillips Bible 
School with three teachers. The schools have had a 
considerable variety in the endeavor to meet all needs 
and conditions. Mention should especially be made of 
the Bible school and the boys’ high school. 


The Phillips Bible School 


The missionaries have constantly been on the lookout 
for such converts as showed inclination to evangelistic 
work. During the hot season, when little could be done 
away from home, the plan was to form a class of the 
native preachers and candidates for Bible study during 
the hottest part of the day, continued through five or 
six months of the year. For this, each missionary was 
the teacher of his own class. In course of time, as the 
classes became larger, it was thought best to gather all 
into one school and thus give better advantages. This 
was the origin of the Bible school, organized under the 
care of Dr. J. L. Phillips, the work being carried on in his 


19 


MalS StLO2N SiN BSE Ne Ce ae 


bungalow. When Dr. Phillips was in America in 1875- 
78 he was made Corresponding Secretary, Rev. C. O. 
Libby resigning this office on account of failing health. 
In addition to attending to these duties Dr. Phillips 
raised $25,000 for the endowment of a Bible school at 
Midnapore. When he returned to India in 1878 he 
became its first principal as well as its founder, having 
the school in charge from its opening until his return to 
America in 1885. It was after this that the name 
Phillips Bible School was given to it in his honor. From 
1864 to 1879 Dr. Phillips was supported by the Free 
Baptists of New Brunswick. 

The school term is usually from March to November, 
allowing the students opportunity for cold season itinerat- 
ing. The course extends through four years, embracing 
a study of the entire Bible, with English, Sanskrit and 


Phillips Bible School at Midnapore 


general literature. The students are supported on the 
interest of the endowment, devoting their entire time to 
study and evangelistic work. They have seven hours 
daily in the school and from one to two hours for preach- 
ing in the bazar, where they also sing and do personal 
work as opportunity is afforded. Nearly every preacher, 
and several of the teachers at the present time, are 
graduates of the Bible school, and the churches are well 
equipped with acceptable native preachers. Dr. Phil- 
lips was succeeded by Dr. Bacheler, who was assisted by 
Dr. Burkholder, Rev. M. C. Miner, Rev. E. B. Stiles, 


20 


Wigle pelOuN oo oIENE ob LE NG ALL 


Rev. Samuel Das and others. Rev. H. R. Murphy 
managed the school for a time. Rev. H. E. Wyman has 
had charge now for several years. 

In 1880 a woman’s department was added under the 
superintendence of Miss Harriett Phillips, for the train- 
ing of zenana teachers and Bible women. Mrs. J. L. 
Phillips, Mrs. Lavina C. Coombs and others have 
assisted; Miss E. M. Butts, an efficient teacher, became 
head of this department in 1887. In 1890, Deacon 
Rufus Deering, of Portland, Maine, gave $2,000 toward 
a building suitable for the work of this school. A build- 
ing was erected which will cost, when completed, $5,000. 
This building was greatly needed, is highly appreciated 
and is a fitting monument to the memory of a noble 
man. It has received the name of “ Deering Hall.’’ 


Schoolboys of Bhimpore at Gymnastics 


Boys’ High School 


When Dr. M. J. Coldren was in America on furlough 
in the nineties, he raised $25,000 to establish and carry 
on a high school for boys at Balasore. The need of this 
had been apparent for some time, and at once the school 
took a prominent place in the work of the mission, being 
the only distinctively Christian high school of its grade 
among these 4,000,000 people. The care of the school 
was assumed at first by Rev. A. B. Boyer, a most efficient 


21 


Motos. ON Se ION a Ege ee 


and promising missionary from New Brunswick, who 
was called to his heavenly home after about five years of 
service. Dr. Burkholder then took charge until Rev. 
George H. Hamlen, a graduate of Bates College and 
Divinity School, went out for this purpose in 1894. He 
has managed the school in a very successful manner. 


WOMAN’S WORK: 


The Woman’s Missionary Society was organized in 
June, 1873, with its own treasury and the power to select 
and support its own missionaries under approval by the 
Board of the Free Baptist Foreign Mission Society. 
The Woman’s Society included work for both the home 
and foreign fields, and has accomplished large things for 
both. In 1906 the General Conference and the Woman’s 
Society adopted a plan by which the General Conference 
became responsible for the work in India previously 
cared for by the Woman’s Society, the women still 
retaining interest in the mission and working for it. 


Girls at Sinclair Orphanage, Balasore 


22 


Wigs ote NO Ll Nea BARING GrAry 


ORPHANS 


Famine, cholera and other scourges have constantly 
thrown many children into the hands of the missionaries. 
The women of the mission have 
been especially interested in 
orphan and homeless children. 
Much of the strength of the 
noble Lavina Crawford at 
Jellasore was devoted to her 
girls’ orphanage, where she 
cared for as many as I25 at 
one time. From this sacred 
home have come many of the 
noble women workers among 
the native Christians. After 
Miss Crawford’s death the or- 
phans of her home were taken 
to Balasore, where through 
the generosity of Rev. and 
Mrs. J. L. Sinclair of Lake- 
port, N. H., a well-equipped 
orphans’ home was _ estab- 
lished, called Sinclair Orphan- 
age. For many years Mrs. 
Dorcas F. Smith was the very pie boansessctocuct 
efficient superintendent of this 
orphanage, and at the present time Miss E. E. Barnes has 
charge of the institution. The family averages about 
sixty-five girls. There isan orphanage for boys at Bala- 
sore, superintended by Mrs. E. J. Hamlen, with about 
eighty in the family. Two orphanages at Bhimpore, one 
for boys and one for girls, average from 30 to 50 in each. 
More recently an orphanage named the Nellie Phillips 
Orphanage has been established at Santipore by Rev. 
and Mrs. Z. F. Griffin. Who can tell how many by this 
means have been saved from premature death to lives of 
large usefulness? The orphanage work is genuine mis- 
sionary service. 


23 


M1 SS:COWNeS =U NesB ENG 


ZENANAS 


The privilege of visiting and teaching in the zenanas 
has been confined to the women, though not to those of 
the Woman’s Society. The customs of the country 
would not permit men to enter these homes ordinarily. 
The first zenana work among Hindus in Midnapore was 
done by Miss Julia E. Phillips (now Mrs. Burkholder) 
and Mrs. J. L. Phillips in February, 1886. God seemed 
to give them an intense desire to get into the homes of 
the higher class women, while at the same time he opened 
the way for them to do this. It required courage, tact 
and persistency, but these were at hand, and an entrance 
once effected, the opportunity for good became a reality. 

The first Mohammedan zenana opened to the mis- 
sionary in Midnapore, probably in Bengal, was brought 
about by an invitation from a high caste family to Dr. 
Mary W. Bacheler when she was a little child, and by 
her simple, but God-directed answer. Her father was 
called to attend a woman critically ill. The woman was 
blanketed and concealed as much as possible, so as to 
be hidden from a strange man. The child Mary, who 
accompanied her father, was brought in, and pleased the 
women with her prattle. They invited her to come 
again, whereupon she answered that she would if her 
mamma might come too. Consent was given; the 
mother came with her discretion and gospel message, and 
so was opened the first of the many Mohammedan doors 
in this mission. 

Doubtless zenana teaching is doing more than any 
other thing to break up the exclusiveness of female 
society among these people. Says one: ‘‘O these 
zenanas! What mysterious places they are! You see 
nothing from the outside but a wall, or a mud house 
without a wall; but you follow your guide, and go and 
go, turning corners, passing through dark, covered 
passages, through one place and then another, till at 
last you arrive at the inevitable court, open to the sky.” 
And this seems to illustrate the struggle of the mission- 
ary in connection with the zenana and its results. 


24 


Nits GSN Sr Te NY sBsEiN Grae 


FAMINE 


This country, dependant upon the annual rains for 
land products, has its famines. When the rains for two 
and especially three successive years fail, then famine 
is sure to come, bringing want, intense suffering and the 
harvest of death. At this time the sympathies and 
pocketbooks of the missionaries, the devices and pro- 
visions of the English government, are not sufficient to 
meet the demands. The jackals and vultures reap the 
largest harvest. All descriptions of these conditions 
are most pitiful and painful. No such large additions. 
have been made to the Christian communities of this 
mission as were made by famine in the Telugu field, but 
nevertheless, here famine has given the missionaries. 
large opportunity to labor among the hungry on Chris- 
tian principles, and thus reveal Christ to the suffering 
natives, with good results. 


THE SANTALS 


On account of the primeval simplicity of the Santals 
and the marvelous progress they have made since they 


A Santal Home 


25 


MeIS'S-12@ aN Sos TgING eG elie Graces 


were discovered by our missionaries, they deserve special 
notice. They evidently belong to the aboriginal tribes, 
and their origin is not known. In 1838 or 1839, mis- 
sionary Noyes came in contact with some of them while 
on a tour which took him to the hills and jungles on the 
western border of the Bengal field, where they are lo- 
cated. Very unexpectedly to him he came upon one of 
their villages in a dense jungle, and was surprised to 
find himself suddenly out of touch with the Oriyas, and 
among a people who could not understand a word which 
he spoke. They were much darker than the Oriyas, 
with different features, and an entirely different language. 
When he asked them if they could read, an old man who 
could speak some broken Oriya replied that they were 
wilderness men and had no occasion to learn letters. 
Although the Hindus look upon them as their inferiors 
they present a happy contrast to the former in many 
ways. Caste has never troubled the Santals. They 
have never embraced the Hindu religion, worshiping 
instead the sun, which they believe to be, or to represent, 
God. They have no temples, no priests, no images. 
The master of a family officiates as its priest, and per- 
forms the worship, either in a dwelling house or under 
a tree. They also adore the departed spirits of their 
fathers. They consider themselves the aborigines of 
the country, and esteem the Hindus as their conquerors. 
They do not marry until they reach the age of sixteen or 
seventeen. The man first marries himself to the woman 
by putting some paint on her forehead, after which the 
woman confesses herself his wife by anointing his head 
with oil. Unlike the Hindus they do not burn but bury 
their dead. They live by husbandry and by distilling 
spirits from rice. Except for their language, they re- 
semble the Khols in every particular. When first dis- 
covered they had more than 200 villages scattered 
through the Morbhanj country. These people are 
regarded as truthful and honest. The women are the 
every-day companions of their husbands and do not 
veil their faces when they meet with men as do the 


26 


Wigless tle QeN 2 lo IN eB ENG AIL 


Hindu women. Both men and women are passionately 
fond of music, and will spend entire nights in singing, 
dancing and indulging in their native drink. Although 
they have lived among the Oriyas from time prehistoric, 
they have nevertheless preserved their distinct tribal 
individuality. 

Mr. Noyes had not much opportunity to meet these 
people, but in 1841 Dr. Jeremiah Phillips and Dr. Bach- 
eler made a tour among them and became deeply inter- 
ested. Afterwards both of these missionaries devoted 
much time tothem. In June, 1845, Dr. Phillips obtained 
the assistance of one of their men, and set about learning 


Church at Bhimpore 


the Santali language. The work was slow but pleasant. 
At length he formulated for them a written language, 
and in 1854 they had ‘ An Introduction to the Santali 
Language,” consisting of a ‘‘ Grammar,’ ‘ Reading 
Lessons’ with a vocabulary, a ‘‘ Primer’’ of twenty- 
four pages, a ‘‘ Sequel ’’’ of twenty-four pages, a tract on 
“The Source of True Religion,” the ‘‘ Gospel of Mat- 
thew,” in print, the remaining three gospels, Genesis 
and twenty chapters of Exodus in manuscript, with 


27 


M°LS-SiLOUN So DING bere Ne Gage 


work at Santipore, which had been undertaken with 
special reference to the Santals, ina prosperous condition. 

Among these people, the work of education and 
evangelization has gone steadily forward, although the 
Bengali language is generally encouraged for their schools. 
From their rude mud huts and benighted homes have 
come Christians, teachers and preachers so bright and 
active that the mission has a very pardonable pride in 
them. From those who were no people, God has made 
a people greatly respected and loved. 

After going to Midnapore, Dr. Bacheler and Mrs. 
Bacheler did much for them, especially those located 
north of that city. In 1865 Dr. James L. Phillips with 
his wife and Miss Julia E. Phillips (afterwards Mrs. 
Burkholder) located with the Bachelers at Midnapore. 
This brought the eloquent Dr. Phillips in close touch 
with the Santals, and like his father he became deeply 
interested in them. In 1869 six Santals, all heads of 
families, were baptized; three of them were brothers, 
men of means, related to a long line of Santali rajahs, 
then nearly extinct. These brothers lived in Bhimpore, 
the oldest one being the head-man of the village, and a 
man of considerable influence. As a result, a mission 
station was established at Bhimpore, Dr. J. L. Phillips 
located there as station superintendent in 1873 after 
having studied the language of this people, and thus he 
became the first exclusively Santali missionary, supply- 
ing a long-felt need. 

On July 17 of that year a chapel was dedicated, built 
and paid for by the Santals themselves, and-on January 
I, 1874, a church was organized consisting of forty-two 
members, soon increasing to fifty-six, forty-one of this 
number being Santals.. With this church as a center 
the work has been carried on successfully in surrounding 
villages for miles. Since the labors of Dr. J. L. Phillips 
here the work came into the hands of Dr. Bacheler 
again, then to Dr. T. W. Burkholder, Rev. E. B. Stiles, 
Rev. J. H. Oxrieder and now Dr. A. L. Kennan, who 
is making constant progress here. Perhaps no work 


28 


Ville BON so AL Na beh N Grate 


throughout the mission has been any more satisfactory 
than this work among the Santals. 


INDUSTRIAL WORK 


With more or less prominence industrial work must 
needs find its place in the mission. Those who break 
caste and become Christians must find ways of caring 
for themselves, and better ways than any they have 
before known. Girls have been taught domestic work, 
boys various means of employment and more recently 
manual training of higher grades. Rev. Burleigh B. 
Smith was a pioneer in this special department and very 
successful. Perhaps manual training has reached as high 
a degree of excellence at Balasore as in any place, this 
being under the care of the Hamlens. It is still something 
of a question, ‘‘ In what direction?’’ and ‘ How far?’’ 


Pees Fe ? 
wh : 


~g 


py Se 
® 
cee 
= 
i? 
pant 
— 
» 

. 
bill 


Professor Anthony Traveling by Litter 


FINALLY 


All the horrors of child marriage and child widowhood 
known to Hinduism prevail among the Bengalis and 


29 


MolswilOeNts Te Ne@ bse Nees 


Oriyas, also the inhuman and belittling influences of 
caste. Caste has been defined as the chief characteristic 
of Hinduism. ‘‘ A man is regarded as a Hindu so long 
as he observes the rules of his caste.’’ Is it any wonder, 
then, that Hindus hold tenaciously to caste? There 
are, however, other influences at work together with 
Christianity to put this monster to rout. They will 
eventually succeed. 

The first name of this Society occupying the Bengal 
field was ‘‘ The Freewill Baptist Foreign Mission So- 
ciety.’’ The Constitution has been amended several 
times. In 1883 the name was changed to “‘ The Free 
Baptist Foreign Mission Society.”’ In 1891 the denomi- 
nation secured a charter constituting a corporation for 
religious, missionary, educational and charitable pur- 
poses, under the name of the ‘‘ General Conference of 
Free Baptists.’ The Free Baptist Foreign Mission 
Society, the Woman’s Missionary Society, the Home 
Mission Society and the Education Society were empow- 
ered to transfer to this General Conference all their real 
and personal property and estate, and all their powers, 
privileges, rights and immunities, so that since 1891 the 
Free Baptist denomination has no longer had missionary 
or education societies, but is itself a foreign mission 
society, a home mission society and an education society. 

In the General Conference convened at Ocean Park, 
Maine, in July, 1910, Free Baptists voted to cooperate 
with the Baptists of the Northern Baptist Convention 
in mission work, by which vote the Bengal field was 
brought into that relationship and is administered by the 
American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Mr. 
Aitken, formerly editor of the Indian Witness, has said, 
“I have seen more than half of the missions of India 
and am personally acquainted with most of the workers. 
I have never seen one mission field where the fervor and 
enthusiasm is kept up as it is in Orissa.” 

Probably one of the strongest and most promising 
stations in the mission now is the one most recently 
established at Kharagpur, on account of its being a 


30 


NgiS > 1ON >° IN BENGAL 


prominent railroad center. It is possible for the super- 
intendent to carry on his work by using the English 
language. The Oxrieders and Colletts have shown 
remarkable adaptation to the demands here. The 
Phillips Memorial Church recently erected, largely by 
the gifts of one of the daughters of Jeremiah Phillips 
and her husband living in this country, is one of the best 
in the mission. 

The mission has been twice visited by its Secretaries, 
Rey. Thomas H. Stacy, D. D., in 1890-91, and Professor 
A. W. Anthony, D. D., accompanied by Rev. T. S. Bar- 
bour, D. D., in 1910-11. 

While in this record it has been necessary to speak of 
many of the missionaries, especially of the pioneers in 
different departments, there are others worthy of special 
mention, and those who have reached the field more 
recently may become equally efficient. From the first, 
three agencies have worked together, in contributing to 
present results, namely, God, the missionaries and the 
praying, contributing, inspiring people at home, and these 
have been ably aided by the native Christians. 


Phillips Memorial Church at Kharagpur 


M1ESS5L.0 Niro ENE BEAN. G nee 


ROSTER OF MISSIONARIES TO BENGAL 
Complete to May 3, 1912 


Explanation of terms: * deceased while in service; + retired from the mission 
and still living; {retired from the mission and since deceased. 


Name Date of Arrival 

TA ger: Georges. org oc achstiioy oe ere atatete aie ona ebenfalls or Sere aieee oto Re ao aaa ae ea T8890 
Ager; Mrs, George oo Pig stn ott a ove 6 one UCR ere Ra eAeEe eRane pcr ne Lance AEE 18890 
tBacheler, O. R., we Deere as ee ee aT aire eee Hes ees mos Pals bes SEL 1840 
*Bacheler, Mrs. O.R PAE EAS PAV Gis TRG eh SEI iene Wace & 1840 
tBacheler;Sarah Merrill’(Mirs; OR.) ce ace Oa ies een eee ee ee 1846 
*Bacheler) Harrys M se Me Dea ee erie eer tied en ae tea to a 1886 
+Bacheler, Mrs. Harry Me ee ee ae deh eae ee nie oy NOE 1886 
Bacheler, Mary Ws,(MaD2e. Sat ee ita eee ee ene eee 1873 
Barnes) Emily Be 6 oo ed a as ee Seal cine anette en aE eee 1894 
*Bovyers Ave Be ie w eho ed ee tora se Re tte aon on a 1886 
+Boyer;, MrsuAs Bicie oe aes oes he ate ones Lee een ee ee 1886 
TBomwetsch;s Miss: R= Dio coy rcieeaten eaten eats reacties eek coe ee a 1905 
TBrowiwhaWwos. een eee ee RATE ren Nes an Caceres SUES ic Bo, ck 1889 
TBrown Mrs: FW oa he ec che te aes eee ees ee ee ee ee ee 1892 
*Burkholdér:) 0s Ws5 Ws Dee es eae et ae ene nee ee EL OTS 
Burkholder; Mrs. Juliate hillip sie seme ee ete set owes ee ee 1864 
Butts; Hlla* Mi Sh ero te ene ROT cae ere eee 1886 
Coe; Amy Bo: 482 858i Sees eo ee oe nee eee cee ene 1909 
*Coldren, (MilocJi hoc ic ees sein ee die eae On eed Se eee 1879 
Coldren AM rseeM 10 * Jeers cen ctor re ree see ennai Ren iy ae astohee 
Collett, Co Ace ae iracs ince i al aioe aches a ee ea ee cole Rot «te oot een ae I904 
Collett,. MrevCic Aci oe ne 2 eso eae bet ence aes ena ee 1904 
TCooley 7 Ri we POR a Re Se nee i ee ee ee 1849 
TCooléey}.Mrse Roe et eis sie tea ere ee ee ee 1849 
Coombs;: Lavin, Coc. yk ee ee noe ee ee 1882 
tCovil; Henry sei ewes en eee 1855 
*Crawtord) Lavina vcs crate cok eke Sie ca ee ae a oe 1852 
TDawsons Ethelic. Aya sesso ether aera a re a ena ino eg ne 1903 
+ Dow; James. Cy Apes eee re eee crete ane ec eee eg ey een rn 1844 
+ Dow; Mrs. James. C.yiye chu tiaiwen bas, cesta gataatoe coe recta he celina ae nee 1844 
7French, Mary ore cc, sal ate ea ee a eee 1874 
Frost, Hatold ‘I, 2 res a a ie Oe et tae ee IOIIL 
Frost; Mrs. Harold 125250 3a ee ee a a eee IQII 
TFrost,, Robert Digos 60.5 Basiaw so i ee eke ee ee ee ee 1874 
7Gaunce; Miss De Be ae 3 hee sh hes eee eee ee 18904 
TGeorge, Fy Dist sae See ee en ee 1884 
LGeorge, Mrs: BSD 25 hore ore ee ener nen 1884 
Goodrich, Clara’ Viiie acca rn tac ee ee es I9I2 
Gowen, Sadie: Boy per iaso heros See ae ne eee na nna Ae ete a 1909 
Griffins ZR) Se os oe ee eer ee Pune lee ae oe on ee 1883 
Griffin, Libbie Cilley (MrsiZaBearbcc toe tb Si ee ee ee 1873 
+Hallam, ESC, Bald oi ie eee oe See te eae ee 1857 
*Hallam, Mrs. E COB ee oe aie Se at ao a a ee 1857 
+Hallam, Lydia. Mrs<E.. CoB)... anc teri: asece ene See ars eae ae 1866 
Hamleén,: Gi, Hi. eRe 28 ge eats OR rea eae ene tO een nore 1804 
Hamlen; Mrs. Gi2Hie cn se Sie Oe ek a rete ore ee er 1804 
THooper, Jessie Bey) sat he ic Pee ae ae ee Gh 1878 
Kennan, A.D. SD ee itso Becca etc es Tepe ain en ae 1809 
Kennan, Mrs.' Acetone rec brea cine rae batt ORR Ose SIE RAL Bene heres ae 18990 
TLawrence,: Richard: Mit ose aces ee ee ee ee ee ee 1874 
Lawrence, Mrs. Frankie Millard.(Mrs. Richard M.)...................08 1878 
+Libby, Susan Re ichw Peas dehy ee ee ee 1874 
Lougher;' Ey Hien se se ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 18908 
Lougher; Mrei E.coli ache ea ee ee 1808 
tMarshall, Ae Ji. {8 Se ie Ow aa ee ee eee 1873 


vigle elt) Neo eTN: BY EN GAM 


Name Date of Arrival 
crlNekewiestarel, WNARRS, ANG Ul aril idk 21 Sp SSC ECAS ae Eolcs Eey OCR nemo Gee ee eee 1873 
Bid LAME VT ISS ernie er see acts Rete le aN ofa cette: Steere icf She SAL W'a «daw ehelese and'asw cv wt ons 1882 
ONG TATE Ti JANG ARTES bey tea an cle Erste Mt BR ie Pe a 1859 
RAVE TAmIVETOSBAT CI ta marpicetnne eteviale t wicticg® (etcc Pores Se 20512 oe is are igi cat sais uses 1859 
BUTTON el vdl le, Coote ere een wee en. WPA aeons We Fh Ci hye pet tebe dia ov pee 1890 
LT eVIL SAP VLGLVINlen (rs mcd, aetere Scetoeen. Aeileie at ce aie Wuecels.a)'s tipeel lense ene 1890 

Swinmumeliniys, LEIS ARSC SY Bs D ME BE ac OE Tie SO Soe n Ci ame i ay See ane a eae I900 

INSET CRN, UNS Roe, Wi Baad Ske sal ee Po Alc pecan ae ge i er I900 
{Noyes, LDN An Sieve ence, les obi ducer oles 5 Rl ihc Cenc eey Cote cate ee nea ieee InN co 1835 
CTISASIRCERS, MME S NOI S con ete Pema nea ere Seca tua gage aa ee an er ee en 1835 

(CONTR TES "ele AT S18 I, an emery cee wero oc ite cee tie in ean eT 1902 

‘Cheeevebare, IM Engg RMS bake. 2s anentin ws ch anc eel ew ale ea ee 1902 
BAA SOLE IIIc (keveenon te ants eee Pee eh eRe MEE sect reine oye hv Bias whee ee 1835 
SEAMS se\latyv., beedex(Mrs. Jeremiah): o.oo. 226 desis eh Sac es bes eee 1835 
*Phillips, Mary Gremditch (Mrs. Jeremiah).....................-200000- 1839 
Senvios pannah Cummings (Mrs. Jeremiah). 5.6... 0:0 00.0.000+sceeee 1840 
“Pde pve 1 Pd eae SY EoD ees coe Rey OF OIE ac ac ree eR eae et 18604 
RArELETR LPS US ae leeds eee eee RETA ee ain trac PON Aare SNS gc ieid athe a acs hates! aotinng 1864 
“TETAS TIGR ics 3 pat eae OPEN i Gigs eon tS Ae En er i a a 1887 
PE iS MELE Lene Vt eIVl tL omen etet yt ee ee ees & Pes e! vaiauuhatcp opens aicha ate ee ah et 1881 
Sas SE CLIC Lette ree TERI peal eit aE Maver HR alee oo tea nieee's vi gas eee 1804 
akeatie, IMARST Tie AIS cline beget AC What) A ll oe mint rien rere Aone en ae ae 1893 
OASSTRILG AT, LEYU ROVE ted ghd B35 Reale: Riese ae A Ae lea tn er a are en ier 1852 
Se MD OCCASTL) UMTS s DULLEI SNE \ine weit ccs iciea-alsln Seuss alate were xtece . 1852 
RSC MS CLV ITIL TS eee eet te EET Vee tree here ee el nbc ate cte bofie ged 1888 
TASWeTE SIMMS, UBER sab eM Rice ee) ya a a 1888 
MMM SELATheLeE Nill tp Sieeten techn ee Bain a) el os cer ere aa as gitatiire sa chdale oie 1878 
SMM DON Tonite vesinit tin Wier L) oc in oe Pec a ttaka cat roar D fos vidas 0s I900 
“ie, HEP beet Che Cah te dl one ete Seco RREST A SOL ta gg a nL a ee, a 1804 

UN Wore, UR MPSv el ah BA Die RO 99 aah Ge as Cle ek ite rR ee PAL a 1894 

Wa oeinew EL, MURS 1g Tete efor ged Daye" chs, co dion Suen cient Geile ena Pacey eee en ce 18904 


MISSION STATIONS IN BENGAL 


Name When Opened 
Bi LESOLGRMER rT Ae hoists la ET ee ee tare AE REE EYE sha dtnnee 1838 
UUEEIE RINE 5 ns Siete Gags RMS tes HE EN CTO OA cere a ce ee 1840 
“ HTGRTRYOYONRS 3 oad acee & Aosta OMe ee beak en ERAS cen er ORs oe ee ae 1844 
SAMEUASOYOVRD etched GB hote OM aR Ee eRe es a oe a 1865 
LRU ESN IRNBYONHES. 955 “aig Er dan or cre Carte II GS el CR ITS TS oa gn 1873 
Mae 1G ich Ld aan Te ee ns rN enh Pe ra nth eter ange acetal von nye; wide Sled ehe ona 1886 
“SEEYEVGEREN SS So oy gam cade pa SRAM ye aS Er nn aaa ee 1890 
COOTREIBRE ag enn oh Gh STe Oe ee SA ewes ES ca REPO ee ee ome ae ae Pre a A 1892 
MSOLaCT E131 aE Oh PE TUN hoe Roe oN Me TReOP ee a hy 0p scale aaa Gr Ghne Glane 1902 


3000- May, I912 


33 


2 . + ree Hi 
oy ra ak 


